captions beta NAVIGATION
(actually, open captions/subtitles...since, ironically, these captions are NOT adaptable to closed captions at present) Clicking on a Caption in the new (beta) timeline should align to the same caption in the Text | Captions window.
Currently, clicking on a caption in the Text | Captions window will automatically bring the CTI (cursor) to the correct caption in the timeline but it does NOT work the other way. One has to scroll through the entire Captions window to find the current caption (not impossible if one highlight/selects the caption in the timeline but it should really come up without having to scroll the entire caption collection!)

This issue should be resolved. The captioning workflow has now been released in Premiere Pro version 15.0. I encourage you to update.
Learn all about the new captions workflow here: https://helpx.adobe.com/premiere-pro/user-guide.html/premiere-pro/using/working-with-captions.ug.html
Learn all about the new captions workflow here: https://helpx.adobe.com/premiere-pro/user-guide.html/premiere-pro/using/working-with-captions.ug.html
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Alexander Riss commented
if you move the playhead in the timeline, the text panel will automatically select the correct caption segment. clicking a segment in the timeline does not cause the text panel to scroll, since this can also be used to select multiple segments from the timeline.